Biography of Lucrezia Borgia, Italian Noblewoman

Memoir of Lucrezia Borgia, Italian Noblewoman Lucrezia Borgia (April 18, 1480â€June 24, 1519) was theâ illegitimate girl of Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) by one of his fancy women. She had three political relationships, orchestrated her familys advantage, and likely had a few double-crossing partnerships. Borgia was additionally for a period an ecclesiastical secretary, and her later years were spent in relative security as the Good Duchess of Ferrara, in some cases going about as true ruler in her spouses nonattendance. Quick Facts: Lucrezia Borgia Known For: Borgia was the little girl of Pope Alexander VI and a significant Italian noblewoman.Born: April 18, 1480 in Rome, ItalyParents: Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia (Pope Alexander VI) and Vannozza dei CattaneiDied: June 24, 1519 in Ferrara, ItalySpouse(s): Giovanni Sforza (m.â 1493â€1497), Alfonso of Aragon (m.â 1498â€1500), Alfonso dEste (m. 1502â€1519)Children: Seven Early Life Lucrezia Borgia was conceived in Rome in 1480. Her dad Rodrigo was a cardinal in the Catholic Church when she was conceived. Lucrezias mother was his special lady of certain years, Vannozza Cattanei, who was additionally the mother of two more established kids by Rodrigo, Giovanni and Cesare. After Rodrigo became Pope as Alexander VI, he propelled the profession inside the congregation of numerous Borja and Borgia family members. Not much is thought about Borgias youth, however by around 1489, she was living with her dads third cousin Adriana de Mila and her dads new special lady Giulia Farnese, who was hitched to Adrianas stepson. Adriana, a widow, had care of Lucrezia, who was instructed at the close by Convent of St. Sixtus. At the point when Cardinal Rodrigo was chosen Pope in 1492, he started to utilize that office to further his familys potential benefit. Cesare, one of Lucrezias siblings, was made a diocese supervisor, and in 1493 he turned into a cardinal. Giovanni was made a duke and was to head up ecclesiastical armed forces. First Marriage The Sforza group of Milan was one of the most remarkable families in Italy and had bolstered the appointment of Pope Alexander VI. They additionally were aligned with the French ruler against Naples. An individual from the Sforza family, Giovanni Sforza, was master of a little Adriatic angling town called Pesano. It was with him that Alexander organized a marriage for Lucrezia, to compensate the Sforza family for their help and to tie their families together. Lucrezia was 13 years of age when she wedded Giovanni Sforza on June 12, 1493. The marriage was not an upbeat one. Inside four years, Lucrezia was whining of his conduct. Giovanni additionally blamed Lucrezia for unfortunate behavior. The Sforza family was no longer in favor with the pope; Ludovico had incited an assault by the French that nearly cost Alexander his papacy. Lucrezias father and her sibling Cesare started to have different designs for Lucrezia: Alexander needed to change partnerships from France to Naples. Right off the bat in 1497, Lucrezia and Giovanni isolated. The Borgias started the way toward revoking the marriage, accusing Giovanni of barrenness and nonconsummation of the marriage. In the long run, Giovanni consented to the abrogation in return for keeping the considerable settlement Lucrezia had brought to the marriage. Second Marriage Lucrezia, age 21, wedded Alfonso dAragon as a substitute on June 28, 1498, and face to face on July 21. A dining experience a lot of like that at her first marriage commended this subsequent wedding. The subsequent marriage soured more rapidly than the first. Just a year later, different partnerships were enticing the Borgias. Alfonso left Rome, however Lucrezia convinced him to return. She was selected legislative leader of Spoleto. On November 1, 1499, she brought forth Alfonsos child, naming him Rodrigo after her dad. On July 15 of the following year, Alfonso endure a death endeavor. He had been at the Vatican and was on his way home when recruited executioners wounded him over and again. He figured out how to make it home, where Lucrezia thought about him and employed furnished gatekeepers to ensure him. About a month later on August 18, Cesare Borgia visited Alfonso, who was recovering, promising to finish what had not been done before. Cesare returned later with another man, cleared the room, and, as the other man later described the story, had his partner choke or cover Alfonso to death. Lucrezia was crushed by the passing of her significant other. Subsequent to coming back to Rome, Lucrezia started to work in the Vatican at her dads side. She took care of the popes mail and even addressed it when he was not around. Third Marriage A still-youthful girl of the pope stayed a prime contender for a masterminded union with set Borgia power. The oldest child, and assumed beneficiary, of the Duke of Ferrara was an ongoing single man. The Borgias considered this to be an open door for a union with a district that was genuinely between their present force base and another they needed to add to the familys lands. Ercole dEste, the Duke of Ferrara, was naturally reluctant to wed his child, Alfonso dEste, to a lady whose initial two relationships had finished in embarrassment and passing, or to wed their progressively settled family to the recently incredible Borgias. Ercole dEste was aligned with the ruler of France, who needed the coalition with the Pope. The Pope undermined Ercole with the loss of his territories and title on the off chance that he didn't assent. Ercole drove a hard deal before consenting to the marriage in return for a huge settlement, a situation in the congregation for his child, some extra terrains, and decreased installments to the congregation. Ercole even considered wedding Lucrezia himself if his child Alfonso didn't consent to the marriage-yet Alfonso did. Lucrezia Borgia and Alfonso dEste were hitched as a substitute at the Vatican on December 30, 1501. In January, she went with 1,000 in participation to Ferrara, and on February 2, the two were hitched face to face in another extravagant service. Passing of the Pope The mid year of 1503 was abusively hot and mosquitos were wild. Lucrezias father kicked the bucket startlingly of jungle fever on August 18, 1503, finishing the Borgia plans for cementing power. Cesare was additionally tainted yet endure, yet he was excessively sick at his dads demise to move rapidly to make sure about fortune for his family. Cesare was bolstered by Pius III, the following pope, yet that pope passed on following 26 days in office. Giuliano Della Rovere, who had been an opponent of Alexander and long an adversary of the Borgias, deceived Cesare into supporting his political race as pope, however as Julius II, he reneged on his vows to Cesare. The Vatican condos of the Borgia family were fixed by Julius, who was revolted by the shameful conduct of his antecedent. Youngsters The fundamental obligation of a Renaissance rulers spouse was to hold up under kids, who might thus either lead or be hitched into different families to solidify coalitions. Lucrezia was pregnant in any event multiple times during her union with Alfonso. There were a few premature deliveries and in any event one stillborn kid, and two others kicked the bucket in earliest stages. Five other kids endure outset, and two-Ercole and Ippolito-lived to adulthood. Support and Business In Ferrara, Lucrezia related with specialists and authors, including the artist Ariosto, and carried numerous to the court, far off as it was from the Vatican. Writer Pietro Bembo was one of those she disparaged and, in light of the letters getting by to him, its conceivable the two engaged in extramarital relations. Late examinations have demonstrated that during her years in Ferrara, Lucrezia was likewise a smart specialist, developing her own fortune effectively. She utilized a portion of her riches to assemble medical clinics and religious communities, winning the regard of her subjects. She put resources into damp land, at that point depleted it and recuperated it for agrarian use. Later Years Lucrezia got word in 1512 that her child Rodrigo dAragon had kicked the bucket. She pulled back from most public activity, however she proceeded with her business undertakings. She inevitably went to religion, investing more energy at cloisters, and even started wearing a hairshirt (a demonstration of compensation) under her extravagant outfits. Guests to Ferrara remarked on her despairing and noticed that she was by all accounts maturing quickly. She had four additional pregnancies and maybe two premature deliveries somewhere in the range of 1514 and 1519. In 1518, she composed a letter to her child Alfonso in France. Passing On June 14, 1519, Lucrezia brought forth a stillborn little girl. Lucrezia gotten a fever and passed on 10 days after the fact. She was grieved by her significant other, family, and subjects. Heritage On account of her outrageous notoriety, Lucrezia Borgia has become a well known character in fiction, show and dramatization. Her life has been performed in works, for example, Victor Hugos Lucrã ¨ce Borgia, the 1935 Abel Gance film Lucrezia Borgia, and the BBC arrangement The Borgias. Sources Bradford, Sarah. Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy. Penguin Books, 2005.Meyer, G. J. The Borgias: The Hidden History. Undersized Books, 2014.

How to Write the Best College Application Essay

How to Write the Best College Application EssayWriting a good essay is an art that takes time and patience. In order to write the best college application essay, you will need to master the skill of effective essay writing. You must be able to relate your personal experience to the student essay topics as well as write an essay that is appealing and interesting.The power of a well-written essay can make a statement about who you are. You want to be honest and direct in all that you say. For the most part, your essay must tell the admissions officer or the college what you have done for the past year. You will need to develop and discuss your strengths, achievements, and future goals.You need to use proper grammar in order to produce a good college application essay. Avoid grammatical errors and get an editor to proofread and edit the essay before you submit it. College applicants need to have a high grade point average in order to keep their applications and scholarships active.The f irst part of the essay is the introduction. This section needs to give some details about you. State what your personality is like, why you want to attend the college and what you hope to get out of the education program. It's important to express yourself in a manner that draws the reader in.Be sure to explain what motivated you to apply. The information needs to be factual and accurate. Finally, you need to state your professional goals in the career that you are applying for.College applicants should be aware of different application formats and how they may be incorporated into their own text. Writing a rough draft will help you learn what your essay will look like and where the eye will move. The full version of the essay needs to include the process of creating the points mentioned above. The writing itself takes time, so it's important to remain organized and finish what you started.The second section of the essay includes your personal experiences and reflections on your goa ls and ideals. This section is important in being relevant and adding content to the whole essay. It is also very important that you have someone edit and proofread the essay before you submit it.You need to apply yourself to write the best college application essay. It may seem simple to read the guidelines and prepare for it, but it can be difficult at times to get organized and still finish the essay. Keep in mind that colleges are looking for specific things and that your essay needs to reflect those things. Your goal is to finish what you start, so set a deadline to work toward, but don't get bogged down by the long list of essay writing projects!

The Insider Secret on Term Paper Helper Discovered

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An Effective Topic for STD Research Paper Topics

<h1>An Effective Topic for STD Research Paper Topics</h1><p>There are numerous exceptionally fascinating points for sexually transmitted disease look into paper themes. By concentrating on a specific point you won't just become acquainted with about the manners in which that STD is spread, yet in addition increase important knowledge into the universe of STD look into as well.</p><p></p><p>Think about the individuals you know. Is it accurate to say that they are one of those that make up your locale? In the event that they are, at that point it makes sense that there is a lot of information on STD in that community.</p><p></p><p>So there's a great deal to pick up from taking a gander at the STD explore paper themes that are made by others. We can gain from these themes and make changes to our reasoning. It would be well justified, despite all the trouble to see whether any of coming up next is valid about a network mem ber:</p><p></p><p>Does the point concern them? By perusing others' STD investigate paper themes, we can find if this is a region where their issues are probably going to be common. For instance, if an individual in a modest community has not been appropriately tried and determined to have a STD, there could be others who have been living with the individual who is as yet undiscovered. While the sickness might be a nearby concern, it is workable for additional individuals to get contaminated in different regions, so the data that would be most useful is for individuals who live in or close the area.</p><p></p><p>The zone that is spoken about in the examination paper themes can be national or universal. There are examines which show that numerous nations have the absolute most elevated STD rates on the planet. Obviously, national STD rates are not the same as the rates that exist in a little network, so that ought to be taken into consid eration.</p><p></p><p>If an individual isn't keen on contemplating subjects all alone and they don't have the opportunity to do as such, they might be keen on looking into concentrating with individuals who are progressively inspired by them in a gathering setting. These gatherings frequently comprise of individuals who share similar interests, for example, individuals who appreciate things, for example, human studies, antiquarianism, math, and English, or science.</p><p></p><p>One of the most mainstream and research paper themes that is as of now being contemplated and examined is the association among STDs and craving. In such manner, the individual doesn't need to really be ravenous; they simply must have the brain edge of an individual who is experiencing an issue this way. For instance, in the gathering, one part might be experiencing a ulcer and might be concealing this reality, and another might be losing a friend or family memb er because of cirrhosis of the liver.</p><p></p><p>Because the investigation of STDs and appetite is so expansive, it is significant that you consider this when building up the subject of your exploration paper. A specialist must gander at how the theme will influence you, and what the results of the examination will be. For instance, an examination point on the sexual coexistence of gay men may prompt more data about HIV/AIDS or further investigations on STD's.</p>

Good Topics For Cause and Effect Essay

<h1>Good Topics For Cause and Effect Essay</h1><p>If you are attempting to compose a decent point for a circumstances and logical results paper, there are a few things that you have to consider before you begin composing. At the point when you are picking a theme, it is imperative to pick one that will assist you with understanding the various pieces of the hypothesis that you will expound on. Albeit, one can find out about speculations all alone, however the most ideal approach to learn is by perusing others' theories.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you have to do is discover what the hypothesis is about, with the goal that you can without much of a stretch clarify it in the article. Don't simply begin a subject that you think would intrigue you and that you have seen on the front of a book or on the front of a magazine. Try not to try and pick something that you would have the option to see effectively and effortlessly. You have to know the essential information on the point first, and this will help you during the time spent composing the essay.</p><p></p><p>If you definitely think about the hypothesis of circumstances and logical results, at that point you ought not have any issues composing the article. You should simply have the option to clarify it unmistakably. Obviously, you should know somewhat about the hypothesis of circumstances and logical results, yet it isn't so important.</p><p></p><p>The significant piece of the hypothesis of circumstances and logical results is to discover the association between the two subjects that you have picked. At that point, you ought to have the option to make the associations and the clarification of the speculations is simpler for you.</p><p></p><p>When you comprehend what the hypothesis is about, you have to ensure that you utilize this information for your potential benefit when you are attempting to clarify the hypothesis in the paper. This will assist you with composing an article that is brimming with comprehension and in which the perusers can get the chance to comprehend your exposition easily.</p><p></p><p>The next thing that you have to do is to discover what the hypothesis is about, so you can without much of a stretch clarify it in the paper. Don't simply begin a point that you think would intrigue you and that you have seen on the front of a book or on the front of a magazine. Try not to try and pick something that you would have the option to see effectively and with ease.</p><p></p><p>When you are attempting to compose a decent point for a circumstances and logical results paper, there are a few things that you have to consider before you begin composing. At the point when you are picking a theme, it is imperative to pick one that will assist you with understanding the various pieces of the hypothesis that you will e xpound on. Albeit, one can find out about hypotheses all alone, however the most ideal approach to learn is by perusing others' theories.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you have to do is to discover what the hypothesis is about, with the goal that you can without much of a stretch clarify it in the exposition. Don't simply begin a subject that you think would intrigue you and that you have seen on the front of a book or on the front of a magazine. Try not to try and pick something that you would have the option to see effectively and with ease.</p>

Understanding Research Paper Outline Examples

<h1>Understanding Research Paper Outline Examples </h1> <h2> Who Else Wants to Learn About Research Paper Outline Examples?</h2> <p>So you'll have individual help and tests to check at as you produce your own piece. There are some who are acclimated with utilize another type of composing style and organization, consequently they probably won't think about it in detail. Using a model is a noteworthy technique to see how to accomplish something appropriately. Utilizing proposition models is a brilliant way to gain from another person's understanding and produce an extraordinary incredible proposal.</p> <h2> The Key to Successful Research Paper Outline Examples</h2> <p>Although there are various strategies to form an article, there's a straightforward framework to follow for progress each time. A blueprint can assist you with sorting out your foremost musings and decide the request where you're probably going to expound on them. 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In certain examples where a framework is vital, there shou ld be a particular strategy for designing it. Each layout ought to have a synopsis of the diagram foundation, plot reason and targets. After you get a perfectly clear and coherently associated diagram, you won't ever bomb the task. </p>

To What Extent is Shakespeares Portrayal of Cleopatra Accurate - Literature Essay Samples

While some individuals remember Cleopatra as a queen of Egypt with leadership skills better than any man, others emphasise her seduction of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony (Harold et.al, n.d). In his play The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra, William Shakespeare manages to portray both these aspects of Cleopatra’s personality, which has contributed to debates over whether Shakespeare intended the play to be read as the betrayal and subsequent fall of a great general, or as an epic love story (Fitz, 1997). Shakespeare highlights Cleopatra’s power as a seductress and demonstrates how she was able to use her attractiveness to manipulate powerful men. He also portrays her as a strong woman through poetic descriptions of her personality, but contrasts these with moments of insecurity and weakness which emphasises her humanity to appeal to a patriarchal audience. Shakespeare chooses to emphasise Cleopatra’s power as a seductress right from the beginning of the play. It opens with soldiers Demetrius and Philio discussing how Antony’s love for Cleopatra has turned him into â€Å"strumpet’s fool† (Shakespeare, Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra, Scene 1 Line 2) â€Å"his goodly eyes, that o’er the files and musters of war, have glowed like plated Mars, now bend, now turn, the office and devotion of their view upon a tawny front. His captain’s heart, which in the scuffles of great fights hath burst the buckles on his breast, reneges all temper and is become the bellows and the fan to cool a gypsy’s lust† (act 1, scene 1, lines 2-10). It is clear that they believe that Cleopatra has ruined Antony by manipulating him to focus on her, rather than his duties as a general. Biographer Plutarch supports this idea by writing that â€Å"for someone of Antony’s nature, the love of Cleopatra that befell him was the final ruin that aroused and stirred up many feelings that had been hidden and dormant in him and, if anything good or protective remained, obliterated and destroyed it† (Plutarch, Life of Antony). Cleopatra’s hold on Antony was so substantial that in the play Antony compares it to â€Å"strong Egyptian fetters† (act 1, scene 2, line 128). Shakespeare describes the first time the couple met to emphasise that Antony was captivated with Cleopatra right from the start, and his description is very similar to Plutarch’s recount. Shakespeare insinuates that Cleopatra’s beauty was a large part of why she was able to seduce Antony so quickly. For example, in the play Cleopatra says that she was once â€Å"a morsel for a monarch† (act 1, scene 5, line 36) with â€Å"a hand that kings have lipped and trembled kissing† (act 1, scene five, lines 35-36) and Enobarbus describes her as â€Å"a wonderful piece of work† (scene 2, line 170) with â€Å"delicate cheeks† (act 2, scene 2, line 241). However, ancient sources indicate that it was Cleopatra’s personality, rather than her looks, that seduced Antony. While historian Cassius Dio describes her as â€Å"was a particularly beautiful woman†¦she also had an elegant voice and she knew how to use her charms to be attractive to everyone† (Cassius, 202AD) Plutarch says that Antony was â€Å"struck by her intelligence as well as her appearance, was captivated by her as if he were a young lad†¦for indeed her own beauty, as they say, was not, in and of itself, completely incomparable, nor was it the sort that would astound those who saw her; but interaction with her was captivating, and her appearance, along with her persuasiveness in discussion and her character that accompanied every interchange, was stimulating† (Plutarch, Life of Antony). As well as showing Cleopatra’s seduction of Antony, Shakespeare references her relationship with Caesar to show her promiscuity, such as when Pompey teases Antony by saying â€Å"but first, or last, your fine Egyptian cookery shall have the fame. I have heard that Julius Caesar grew fat with feasting there† (act 2, scene 6, lines 81-83). Throughout the play, Cleopatra is referred to as a â€Å"whore† (act 2, scene 6, line 76) (act 4, scene 12, line 15), and even Cleopatra’s lady-in-waiting insinuates that she is promiscuous by responding with â€Å"I sing but after you† (act 1, scene 5, line 87) when Cleopatra becomes annoyed at her for praising Caesar rather than Antony. The emphasis on Cleopatra’s promiscuity indicates that Shakespeare was heavily influenced by Romans who wrote of Cleopatra during her lifetime and in the century after her death. Instigated by Octavian, Roman propaganda portrayed her as a â€Å"dangerous harlot who employed sex, witchcraft and cunning as she grasped for power beyond what was proper for a woman† (Crawford, 2007). This is referenced in the play itself when Pompey says â€Å"let witchcraft join with beauty, lust with both, tie up the libertine in a field of feasts, keep [Antony’s] brain fuming† (act 2, scene 1, lines 27-29). Further evidence is found in Horace’s Ode XXXVII, more commonly referred to as The Ode to Cleopatra, where he describes her as a â€Å"maddened queen†¦plotting the Capitol’s and the empire’s ruin, with her crowd of deeply-corrupted creatures sick with turpitude, she, violent with hope of all kinds, and intoxicated by Fortune’s favour† (Kline, 2003). It is evident from this extract that the Romans were fond of portraying Cleopatra not just as promiscuous, but as violent and power-hungry. Shakespeare does the same, adding to the theory that The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra is based mainly on Roman recounts. When describing Cleopatra’s personality, Shakespeare likens it to a great force of nature through the use of descriptions such as â€Å"we cannot call her winds and waters sighs and tears, they are greater storms and tempests than almanacs can report. This cannot be cunning in her, if it be, she makes a shower of rain as well as the Jove† (act 1, scene 2, lines 163-167). One of her most prominent attributes in the play is her hunger for power, which Shakespeare demonstrates through placing emphasis on Antony’s status as a general and showing how he can give her large pockets of land. In the play, this is heavily contrasted with moments of weakness and insecurity for Cleopatra, particularly concerning Antony’s wife Fulvia and her fears around whether Antony truly loves her. Cleopatra’s very first line in the play is â€Å"if it be love indeed, tell me how much† (act 1, scene 1, line 15), demanding Antony to tell her how much he loves her. She fears that marrying Antony will make her â€Å"seem the fool [she] is not† (act 1, scene 1, line 48), since Antony married Fulvia without being in love with her. Plutarch places heavy emphasis on Cleopatra’s personality, saying that throughout her reign she relied on â€Å"herself and the charm and magic that attended her† (Plutarch, Life of Antony) to get what she desired, and according to Cassius her awareness that â€Å"she was beautiful to look at and to listen to† (Cassius, 202AD) meant that she â€Å"thought it appropriate for her to meet with Caesar† (Cassius, 202AD). This contradicts Shakespeare’s portrayal of Cleopatra in her insecure moments; however Shakespeare may have chosen to include them as commentary of Cleopatra’s struggles being a female Pharaoh in a patriarchal world and to humanise her. This contradicts Roman propaganda which aimed to portray Cleopatra â€Å"as a great enemy to make [her defeat] look like a great victory† (Tyldesley, 2008), however it may have appealed to audience of Elizabethan England which was a greatly patriarchal society (Shepard, 2000). Portraying Cleopatra solely as a strong, independent woman would likely have been controversial during this time, so Shakespeare chooses to insinuate that Cleopatra’s business â€Å"wholly depends on [Antony’s] abode† (act 1, scene 2, line 191). This sentiment is echoed by historians who affirm that if Cleopatra had not seduced Antony and Caesar they would not have â€Å"discussed foreign policy with her†¦due to her second class status as a female leader† (Harold et.al, n.d), but the alliances formed with Antony and Caesar throughout their relationship with Cleopatra were beneficial to Egypt as a whole. It is evident that Cleopatra is surrounded by fog of fiction and vituperation which has surrounded her personality from her own lifetime onwards† (Brown, 2011). Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra demonstrates this due to Shakespeare’s portrayal of Cleopatra, which is accurate to a medium extent. While some of what Shakespeare says is supported by ancient sources, such as the recount of Cleopatra’s and Antony’s first meeting which is strongly supported by Plutarch, it is evident that The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra was greatly influenced by Roman propaganda with a strong bias. Subsequently, Shakespeare portrays Cleopatra as promiscuous and power-hungry while showing her weak moments in an attempt to appeal to the audience of a patriarchal Elizabethan England. This warped Cleopatra’s true character and results in a portrayal that is not entirely accurate. Bibliography Brown, C. (2011). The Search for Cleopatra. [online] Nationalgeographic.com. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/07/Cleopatra/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2018]. Crawford, A. (2007). Who Was Cleopatra?. [online] Smithsonian. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-was-cleopatra-151356013/ [Accessed 7 Nov. 2018]. Fitz, L. (1977). Egyptian Queens and Male Reviewers: Sexist Attitudes in Antony and Cleopatra Criticism. 1st ed. [ebook] Washington: Folger Shakespeare Library, pp.1-4. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2869080.pdf [Accessed 7 Nov. 2018]. Harold, L., Anton, K., Duca, K. and Henefin, C. (n.d.). The Influence of Context on the Leadership of Cleopatra. 1st ed. [ebook] Virginia: Christopher Newport University, pp.1-3. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9b72/0f6077074dc33fde99198a73d6c56628a18b.pdf [Accessed 7 Nov. 2018]. Kline, A. (2003). Horace (65 BC–8 BC) The Odes: Book I. [online] Poetryintranslation.com. Available at: https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/HoraceOdesBkI.php#anchor_Toc39402043 [Accessed 7 Nov. 2018]. Plutarch (n.d.). Life of Antony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shakespeare, W. (1606). The Tragedy of Antony and Cleopatra. [ebook] Available at: https://www.folgerdigitaltexts.org/download/pdf/Ant.pdf [Accessed 15 Nov. 2018]. Shepard, A. (2000). Manhood, Credit and Patriarchy in Early Modern England. [online] JSTOR. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/651254?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents [Accessed 13 Nov. 2018]. Tyldesley, J. (2008). Cleopatra. 1st ed. London: Profile.